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Kennesaw State University

Coordinates: 34°02′17″N 84°34′59″W / 34.038°N 84.583°W / 34.038; -84.583
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Kennesaw State University
Former names
Kennesaw Junior College (1966–1976)
Kennesaw College (1976–1988)
Kennesaw State College (1988–1996)
Southern Polytechnic State University (merged 2015)
Motto"Wisdom, Justice, Moderation"
TypePublic research university
EstablishedOctober 9, 1963; 61 years ago (1963-10-09)
Parent institution
University System of Georgia
AccreditationSACS
Academic affiliation
Space-grant
Endowment$100 million (2021)[1]
Budget$566 million (2019)
PresidentKathy Schwaig
ProvostIvan Pulinkala
Academic staff
1,004
Administrative staff
2,000
Students45,152 (fall 2023)[2]
Undergraduates40,591 (fall 2023)
Postgraduates4,561 (fall 2023)
Location, ,
United States

34°02′17″N 84°34′59″W / 34.038°N 84.583°W / 34.038; -84.583
CampusLarge suburb, 581 acres (2.35 km2)
NewspaperThe Sentinel
ColorsBlack and gold[3]
   
NicknameOwls
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FBSCUSA
MascotScrappy the Owl
Websitekennesaw.edu

Kennesaw State University (KSU) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Georgia with two campuses in the Atlanta metropolitan area, one in the Kennesaw area and the other in Marietta on a combined 581 acres (235 ha) of land.[4] The school was founded in 1963 by the Georgia Board of Regents using local bonds and a federal space-grant during a time of major Georgia economic expansion after World War II.[5] KSU also holds classes at the Cobb Galleria Centre, Dalton State College, and in Paulding County (Dallas).[6] The total enrollment exceeds 45,000 students making KSU the third-largest university by enrollment in Georgia.[2]

KSU is part of the University System of Georgia and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[7][8] Kennesaw State's athletic teams are an NCAA Division I member of the Conference USA.

History

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Establishment in 1963 until 1975

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KSU was chartered by the Board of Regents on October 9, 1963, during one of the most dramatic periods of college expansion in Georgia's history. The university was officially founded by the Georgia Board of Regents approved the establishment of a junior college tentatively to be named Cobb County Junior College. In December 1964, Horace Sturgis was designated to serve as the future college's first president. When the school opened in fall of 1966, it was named Kennesaw Junior College and had an initial enrollment of 1,014 students.[9]

Early years as Kennesaw College, 1976–1995

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Thirteen years later, in 1976, the former Kennesaw Junior College became a four-year college and was redesignated Kennesaw College. Betty Siegel became the second president of Kennesaw College in 1981, and the first female university president in the University System of Georgia.[10][11]

By 1985, KSU had initiated its first graduate degree programs, in business and education, and began a period of rapid growth, including building some residential housing. Finally, in 1988, the former Kennesaw College was renamed Kennesaw State College and associate degrees were discontinued, except in nursing.

Becoming a major university

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Kennesaw State finally achieved University status in 1996. The Kennesaw State's baseball and softball teams won the NCAA Division II national championships in 1996. The winning Owls continued excelling in athletics, including the Lady Owls 2003 win of the NCAA Women's Division II Soccer Championship and the men's basketball team win of the 2004 NCAA Men's Division II Basketball Championship. In part due to their winning Division II in 2005, the Owls joined Division I and the Atlantic Sun Conference.

In 2004, KSU was recognized by the Department of Homeland Security and the National Security Agency as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education. At the time, this placed KSU among 67 other institutions recognized as CAE/IAEs with this recognition. KSU was recognized again in 2007.[12]

In the summer of 2006, Daniel S. Papp became the university's third president.[13][14]

KSU also began its first doctoral programs in Education in Leadership for Learning, Education, and a doctorate of Business Administration.[15]

On November 1, 2013, the University System of Georgia announced that Kennesaw State University would merge with nearby Southern Polytechnic State University in 2015. Kennesaw State would be the surviving institution, with President Papp serving as president of the merged university.[16][17][18] Southern Polytechnic was started by the president of the Georgia Institute of Technology, Blake R. Van Leer who was known for making Atlanta the "MIT of the South."[19][20] On January 6, 2015, the Georgia Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia approved the consolidation of Southern Polytechnic State and Kennesaw State. In honor of SPSU's legacy, Kennesaw State established Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology as one of its 11 colleges.

On January 1, 2015, Kennesaw State University was classified by the Carnegie Foundation for Teaching and Learning as a Community Engaged Institution.[21]

In the Fall of 2016, students and faculty protested the suspected appointment of Georgia's Republican attorney general, Sam Olens, as the next Kennesaw president.[22] He took office on November 1, 2016, resigning as attorney general.[23] He left office in February of 2018.[24] Pamela Whitten was KSU's next president, serving until 2021. On March 16, 2022, Kathy Schwaig was named the sixth president.[25]

KSU's Computer Science and Information Systems department hosts the Center for Election Systems,[26] which certified and monitored the direct recording electronic machines used in Georgia elections until June 2018 at the latest.[27] This shift was initiated due in part to lax security by the center, which had accidentally exposed over 6.5 million voter records.[27]

On December 19, 2018, KSU was classified as a doctoral research institution with R2 status, denoting high research activity.[28]

Campuses

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Kennesaw State University is located on two campuses with a combined 581 acres (235 ha) of land, of which about 230 acres is located in Marietta and the remainder is located in Kennesaw. The Kennesaw campus is located adjacent to I-75 (similar to four other Georgia universities, Georgia Tech, Dalton State College, and Georgia State University, and Atlanta Metropolitan State College) where views of the campus can be seen from the highway, including Kennesaw State's University Village.

Kennesaw Campus

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Social Sciences Building

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The Social Sciences Building and the Spaceship Earth sculpture

The Social Sciences building is located on the west section of campus on Campus Loop Road adjacent to the original campus historical district. The 163,000-square-foot (15,100 m2) building features a 302-seat auditorium, a 100+ seat cinema classroom, a digital media lab, and 40 classrooms with advanced technology. The lobby features a Starbucks and study area. The Social Sciences building also meets Silver Rating LEED Green Building requirements and is the first building in the University System of Georgia to meet these specifications.[29] In 2020, after the donation of a $9 million gift to the school by Norman and Lindy Radow, the College of Humanities and Social Sciences was renamed the Norman J. Radow College of Humanities and Social Sciences.[30]

Spaceship Earth

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Located adjacent to the Social Sciences Building was a 350,000-pound (160,000 kg) sculpture entitled "Spaceship Earth", created by Finnish American artist Eino.[31] The sculpture was commissioned by the Maxwell Family Foundation in memory of the late environmentalist David Brower. The sculpture was intended to be a permanent reminder to future generations to take care of their delicate planet.

In late 2006, only three months after its installation, the structure collapsed. Reconstruction was completed on October 26, 2010. The statue was dismantled in December 2022 due to continuing structural insufficiencies.[32]

Convocation Center

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The Convocation Center is located southeast of the Campus Green and houses the NCAA Division I men's and women's basketball programs at Kennesaw State University. The Convocation Center is a multipurpose facility that supports academic classes, lectures, concerts, theatrical performances, athletic events, graduations, and convocation ceremonies. The facility has locker rooms, training rooms, and offices for the athletic department. The third floor of the center houses hospitality and conference suits that overlook the arena floor. KSU's Convocation Center is the largest of its kind in northwest Georgia, with seating for 4,800.

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The Bentley Rare Book Gallery and Special Collections houses 15,000 items.

Dr. Bobbie Bailey and Family Performance Center

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The Bailey Performance Center opened in 2007. The facility contains a 630-seat auditorium and the Don Russell Clayton Gallery. It serves as the heart of Kennesaw State's Bailey School of Music.[33]

Other selected buildings

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Student Center

The historic district of the university (Original Campus) is located in the west section of campus and includes the University College,[34] formerly the Social Sciences Building, Pilcher Public Service and Library, Willingham Hall, Nursing, Advancement, and Technology Annex buildings. These buildings served primarily as the home to the College of Humanities and Social Science until construction on the Social Science Building was completed at the end of 2006. In 2009, a new two-story, 1,500-seat dining hall known as The Commons opened.[35] In 2008, a new $46,000,000, 915-bed freshman residence hall called "University Suites" opened.[36]

Marietta Campus

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Student housing

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Dormitory facilities were provided at Southern Tech's first location in Chamblee, Georgia. They were created from former bachelor officers' quarters in facilities leased from the Atlanta Naval Air Station. When the campus moved in Marietta, student accommodation was located in former employee housing at the United States Air Force Plant 6. Construction for the Marietta campus' first dormitory began in 1964. The campus dormitories housed only men until 1974.[20]

At the time of its merger with Kennesaw State University, Southern Polytechnic State University had five on-campus housing facilities for its students. These were Howell Hall, Hornet Village suites, University Commons apartments, University Courtyard apartments, and University Columns houses.[37] These facilities are still used to house Kennesaw State University students.[38]

Academics

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Academic rankings
National
Forbes[39]639
U.S. News & World Report[40]293–381
Washington Monthly[41]280

Kennesaw State University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and classified as a comprehensive institution by the University System of Georgia.[42][43]

In September 2016, U.S. News elevated KSU from the category of "regional university" to "national university", joining a list of 297 other universities in that category. This was in part due to the university's new status as a research university by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Learning, indicating a university that engages in a "moderate" level of research activity.[44]

In 2018, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Learning classified KSU as a doctoral research institution with R2 (Doctoral University – High research activity) status.

The 2020 U.S. News rankings placed KSU in Tier Two (#293–381) in the "National Universities" category.[45]

Colleges and degrees

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The university is divided into 13 colleges[46] and offers 52 bachelor's degrees, 21 master's degree programs, one specialist degree, and five doctoral programs; according to Kennesaw State's Registrar's Office, the university offers 80 undergraduate and graduate degrees.[47]

  • College of Architecture and Construction Management (CACM)
  • College of the Arts
  • Coles College of Business
  • College of Computing and Software Engineering (CCSE)
  • College of Continuing and Professional Education
  • Bagwell College of Education (BCOE)
  • Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SPCEET)
  • Wellstar College of Health and Human Services (WCHHS)
  • Norman J. Radow College of Humanities and Social Sciences (RCHSS)
  • College of Science and Mathematics (CSM)
  • University College
  • KSU Journey Honors College
  • Graduate College

Continuing Education

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Kennesaw State's Department of Continuing Education, the largest in the nation, is housed in the KSU Center, located a mile away from the main campus.[48]

Kennesaw State is home to the state's largest Educational Technology Training Center (ETTC).[49] The ETTC is one of 13 such centers around the state. Teachers and other school personnel from around the state come to the KSU ETTC for professional development.

Research

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Research is grouped into four themes: Biomedical and Health; Computing and Technology, Human development & Well-being; and Sustainable and Safe Communities.

Student life

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Student groups

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KSU has approximately 300 registered student groups and organizations for student participation.[50] Many of these groups may apply for funding from the Student Activities and Budget Advisory Committee (SABAC), which is a student-run advisory committee to the vice president of student affairs. This committee meets regularly during the fall and spring semesters.

Student media

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  • The Sentinel (KSU) is the official newspaper for KSU. It is printed weekly during fall and spring semesters and twice during the summer semester.
  • The Peak is the feature magazine for Kennesaw State University.[51]
  • Owl Radio is the student-run online radio station for KSU. Content is streamed online with SHOUTcast and available on the Radio FX mobile application.[52]
  • Talisman is the name of the former student yearbook for KSU.

Student demographics

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In fall 2023, Kennesaw State was 49% male and 51% female. The ethnic diversity was as follows: 42.5% White, 26.4% Black/African-American, 14.6% Hispanic/Latino, 5.8% Asian, 4.6% multi-racial, and 2.5% undeclared. International students represent 3.4% of the total student body.[53]

Fraternities and sororities

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Kennesaw State University is home to twenty-one fraternities and sororities: twelve of the North American Interfraternity Conference (IFC), eight of the National Panhellenic Conference (NPC), nine of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), eight of the National Multicultural Greek Council (MGC) and two service Greeks.[54] Less than seven percent of the undergraduate student body is active in KSU's Greek system.[55]

Athletics

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Scrappy's retired mascot during new student orientation

Kennesaw State University's athletic teams are called the Owls. The school colors are black and gold.[56]

The Owls participate in Division I of the NCAA and as a member of Conference USA. Athletics began in the 1981–82 academic year, with KSU joining both the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the Georgia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GIAC). James "Spec" Landrum was named the school's first athletic director, after football coaching stints at both Georgia and Georgia Tech. After Division I's Gulf Star Conference dissolved in 1987, Commissioner Dave Waples replaced the retiring Landrum that fall. The school won its initial National title in 1994, as coach Mike Sansing's baseball team won the NAIA championship. In the fall of 1994, KSU officially joined the NCAA, Division II, Peach Belt Conference. The Owls dominated the loop for the next 11-years, including DII National crowns in softball (1995 and 1996, coach Scott Whitlock), baseball (1996, coach Sansing), women's soccer (2003, coach Rob King) and men's basketball (2004, coach Tony Ingle). Kennesaw State is one of two division II schools to win a national championship in four different team sports, Grand Valley State University being the other. KSU also won several other regional and divisional championships. Both men's and women's cross-country coach Stan Sims and women's basketball coach Colby Tilley made numerous appearance in NCAA, DII, National competition.

In 2005, the Owls began the painful four-year transition to Division I of the NCAA. The university fully transitioned to Division I status in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the beginning of the 2009–10 season. Vaughn Williams was hired in April 2011 as the university's third director of athletics. He had previously served for six and a half years as UConn's associate athletic director, where he was responsible for strategic planning, facility master planning, and policy and procedure improvement.

The Owls announced they would start a Division I Football Championship Subdivision football team on November 14, 2013. Their first football game was against the East Tennessee State Buccaneers in Johnson City, Tennessee on September 3, 2015. The Owls initially competed as a part of the Big South Conference because the ASUN did not sponsor football. Head Coach Brian Bohannon stated at the time that Kennesaw State had no interest in playing any games in exchange for guaranteed payments in the team's first few years.[57] By the end of 2019 the Kennesaw Owls tallied a 48-15 total record from the beginning of the program, giving the team the record of most wins for a football program in its first five years.[58]

The Owls play home games at Fifth Third Bank Stadium in Kennesaw. KSU announced in 2022 that they would be leaving the ASUN Conference for Conference USA in all sports starting in the 2024–2025 academic year.[59] With the move, the Owls Football program moved from NCAA Division I FCS to NCAA Division I FBS competition.

Traditions

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School colors

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The official Kennesaw State University school colors are black and gold.

Mascot

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Kennesaw State University's mascot is Scrappy the Owl.

Notable people

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Alumni

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Professors and scholars

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Demographics

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Kennesaw State University CDP
CountryUnited States
StateGeorgia
CountyCobb
Elevation1,063 ft (324 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
382
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
GNIS feature ID2806016[61]

Kennesaw State University CDP is a census-designated place (CDP) and the official name for an area covering the Kennesaw State University campus in Cobb County, Georgia. It does not include the Kennesaw State University campus in Marietta. It first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census[61] with a population of 382.[62]

The CDP is in the Cobb County School District.[63]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
2020382
U.S. Decennial Census[64]
2020[65]

2020 census

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Kennesaw State University CDP, Georgia – racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2020[65] % 2020
White alone (NH) 166 43.46%
Black or African American alone (NH) 152 39.79%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 4 1.05%
Asian alone (NH) 16 4.19%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) 0 0.00%
Other race alone (NH) 0 0.00%
Mixed race or Multiacial (NH) 13 3.40%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 31 8.12%
Total 382 100.00%

References

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  1. ^ "Rankings". www.kennesaw.edu. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Kennesaw State enrollment grows for fifth straight year". November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  3. ^ "Style Guide". Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  4. ^ "Kennesaw State University". Georgia Board of Regents. February 28, 2007. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  5. ^ "Kennesaw State University". New Georgia Encyclopedia.
  6. ^ "Kennesaw State University - Paulding Instructional Site". kennesaw.edu. Archived from the original on October 1, 2009.
  7. ^ "About KSU". Office of University Relations. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  8. ^ "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  9. ^ "KSU: History" Archived January 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine,. Retrieved on February 24, 2011.
  10. ^ Costello, Jan (March 30, 2001). "Betty Siegel brings out the best in people and places". Atlanta Business Chronicle. p. 2. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
  11. ^ Isakson, Johnny (May 26, 2001). "Floor Statement Congratulating Dr. Betty Siegel". United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
  12. ^ "NSA CAE/IAE". Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  13. ^ Papp, Daniel. "Office of the President". Kennesaw State University. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  14. ^ Perry-Johnson, Arlethia (February 16, 2006). "Papp Named President of Kennesaw State University". University System of Georgia. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  15. ^ "Graduate Studies". Kennesaw State University Enterprise Information Management. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
  16. ^ "Kennesaw State, Southern Poly to merge". ajc.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  17. ^ "Kennesaw State and Southern Polytechnic Will Consolidate". usg.edu.
  18. ^ "The Marietta Daily Journal - Kennesaw State to absorb Southern Polytechnic in big merger". mdjonline.com.
  19. ^ Hair, William I. (1985). "Engineering the New South: Georgia Tech, 1885–1985". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 69 (4): 509–517. JSTOR 40581436. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  20. ^ a b Bennett, Richard A. (1998). Southern Polytechnic State University: The History (PDF). Southern Polytechnic State University Foundation.
  21. ^ "Kennesaw State receives Carnegie Foundation's Community Engagement Classification - News | KSU". news.kennesaw.edu. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  22. ^ TEGNA. "Students, faculty upset about potential new KSU president". Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  23. ^ "Attorney General Sam Olens to leave office, lead Kennesaw State University". Athens Banner-Herald. Associated Press.
  24. ^ "Sam Olens to step down as Kennesaw State's president". December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  25. ^ Ebot-Tabi, Ashu (October 10, 2022). "President Kathy Schwaig begins new chapter in university history". The Sentinel.
  26. ^ "The Center for Election Systems". kennesaw.edu. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
  27. ^ a b Torres, Kristina. "Georgia to shift elections work in-house, away from Kennesaw State". ajc. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  28. ^ "The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  29. ^ "LEED Registered Project" (PDF). U.S. Green Building Council. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
  30. ^ "KSU Receives Multi-Million Dollar Gift to Name Radow College of Humanities and Social Sciences". news.kennesaw.edu. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  31. ^ "Eino". Eino.
  32. ^ "Spaceship Earth sculpture bids final farewell - The Sentinel". January 23, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  33. ^ Bailey Performance Center Archived February 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ "Kennesaw State University - University College". kennesaw.edu.
  35. ^ "Kennesaw State University - Culinary and Hospitality Services". kennesaw.edu. Archived from the original on February 19, 2010.
  36. ^ "Education Design Showcase Project". Educationdesignshowcase.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  37. ^ Housing Options, Housing and Residential Life. Page dated February 20, 2015, retrieved via Internet Archive on December 21, 2018.
  38. ^ Housing and Residential Life | Kennesaw State University. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  39. ^ "America's Top Colleges 2024". Forbes. September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  40. ^ "2024-2025 Best National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  41. ^ "2024 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  42. ^ "KSU Student Profile". Facts and Figures. Kennesaw State University Office of Institutional Research & Information Management. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  43. ^ "Students struggle with overcrowding at KSU". The Sentinel. August 26, 2016. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  44. ^ "News at KSU | Kennesaw State University named among U.S. News & World Report's "2017 Best Colleges"". web.kennesaw.edu. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  45. ^ "Rankings". www.usnews.com. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  46. ^ "KSU - About". Kennesaw State University. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  47. ^ "KSU Student Profile". Facts and Figures. Kennesaw State University Office of Institutional Research & Information Management. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
  48. ^ "Continuing Education Fact Sheet". Department of Continuing Education. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
  49. ^ "ksuetc.org". Archived from the original on August 22, 2005.
  50. ^ "The Official Site of Kennesaw State Owls Club Sports". ksuclubsports.com.
  51. ^ "Home".
  52. ^ "Owl Radio". Owl Radio.
  53. ^ "FALL 2023 ENROLLMENT - Kennesaw State University in Georgia". Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  54. ^ "Chapter and Councils". Kennesaw State University. 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  55. ^ "Fast facts" (PDF). ir.kennesaw.edu. 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  56. ^ Visual Identity Program
  57. ^ Doug Roberson, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. "Kennesaw State's first football opponent set". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  58. ^ 2020 Football Record Book (PDF) (PDF), March 2022
  59. ^ C-USA Adds Kennesaw State, Owls to Join in 2024, October 14, 2022
  60. ^ McIntyre, Michael K. (April 17, 2019). "Drew Thomas at the MGM Northfield, and the Alan Cox Show Comedy Tour hits the Cleveland Masonic". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  61. ^ a b c "Kennesaw State University Census Designated Place". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  62. ^ "Kennesaw State University CDP, Georgia". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  63. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Cobb County, GA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/5). Retrieved September 25, 2024. - Text list
  64. ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau.
  65. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Kennesaw State University CDP, Georgia". United States Census Bureau.
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